Theory of Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1767 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Topics: Depression Essay Did you like this example? Biopsychosocial Michael Peters was a 50 year old Caucasian resident at the Ed Thompson Veterans Center, a substance abuse residential rehabilitation facility for Veterans. Michael attended group sessions but didnt contribute to discussions or interact with anyone. He was very quiet and isolated a lot. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theory of Depression" essay for you Create order Michael grew up in Bushwick, Brooklyn. He was the son of a substance abusing mother who had six children with six different men. His childhood was riddled with severe neglect and trauma. It became apparent to neighbors that Michaels mother was unable to take care of the kids, so Michael and two of his siblings were taken in by a friend of the family. He was a single man living alone and he was a father to Michael, the only stable figure in his life. He died when Michael was twelve years old. Michael was forced to go back to living with his mother, and thats when the abuse happened. A man in the neighborhood sexually abused Michael for three years; he would take him to a bar first and get him drunk. In treatment, without the use of alcohol to numb emotional pain, Michael was experiencing intense feelings of guilt and self-criticism. He was very self-critical of things he had done in the past: He was involved in a relationship which produced a child. He abandoned his son out of fear t hat he would do the same thing to his son that was done to him; that he would touch him the same way that he was touched. At the age of 19 Michael joined the military in search of a better life. He watched a man collapse and die in basic training. He snapped and was discharged without any grief counseling. After that his drinking and drug use escalated. Michael was married for thirteen years and raised three children. Although at the present he is estranged from his family. His drinking caused him to spiral downward; he was sleeping on friends couches, essentially homeless. He knew he couldnt go on this way and came for treatment. It was not easy to engage Michael in therapy at first. His tendency to isolate all his life makes him uncomfortable talking to people one â€Å"on- one. His low self-esteem and sense of inferiority were magnified by his perception of me being in a higher socio-economic class than him and being more educated. Michael grew up in poverty and had no educational aspirations. The neighborhood in Brooklyn where he lived did not espouse values of education and goal achievement. His mother was not a good role model for him. This added to his fear and anxiety at the beginning of our relationship. In actuality, we are all very similar. In my own life journey I have also experienced verbal and emotional abuse by my father. In my search for ways of healing I was very fortunate to have found a talented therapist who practiced psychodynamic psychotherapy. He helped me access my anger and express it in a productive way. I was enraged when I realized as an adult, how crazy my father was, and that I had believed everything that he said about me as a child. I had to work so much harder than most people to be a functioning human being in life. This anger was an integral part in my healing trajectory, it helped me find my voice and reclaim my personhood. I have also learned to allow and encourage my kids to express their anger towards me, and not suppress it. The open communication and expression of anger has helped in our relationship. I was interested in exploring the anger turned inward hypothesis of the psychodynamic theory of depression (Freud 1917). I wanted to find out if this theory has ever been empirically studied and tested. Does unresolved anger really cause depression? Anger has always been looked at as a negative symptom; I wanted to learn how unconscious anger can be surfaced and used constructively as a tool in the healing process of child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. Proof of Theory Scott and Day (1996), studied abuse-related symptoms in survivors of childhood sexual trauma and they found that anger is one of the most prevalent emotional after-effects of childhood sexual abuse. Not surprisingly, Murphy et al. (1988) found that survivors of CSA had substantially more problems dealing with anger than non-abused controls. Interestingly, they also discovered that the correlation of CSA in women with re-victimization was directly mediated by self-blame. This shows that victimized women believe that they do not deserve to be in a loving relationship. Other studies that I came across tested whether anger directed towards the self is connected with depression: Brody et al. (1999) found more suppressed anger and hostility in individuals recovering from depression than in healthy controls, accompanied by a fear that expressing anger would destroy relationships. Becker Lesiak (1977) found that the severity of depression directly correlated with repressed anger, guilt, irritability and suspicion in clinic outpatients, but not with outwardly expressed anger. And finally, Kiefer and Wolfersdorf (1998) found that, compared with healthy controls, depressed in-patients had higher levels of inhibited aggression and repressed anger and hostility, but did not express aggression. Besides depression, repressed anger has also been associated with eating disorders, substance abuse, sleep disorders, anxiety, physical problems such as ulcers, the jaw joint disease and suicide (Blume, 1990). Michael has been suffering from deep and unbearable pain his entire life since the CSA. He told me that he attempted suicide several times in his life, once he tried to hang himself, and the belt snapped. He used alcohol to self-medicate, but it comes with many other problems. Researchers who studied anger experience and symptom formation have also identified extreme guilt and self- tormenting behavior as indicators of repressed anger (Blume, 1990). Michael feels very guilty about abandoning his son and has been tormenting himself his whole life. He has a very low self-esteem. I once asked him, What would you do to this man who abused you if you could find him today? He responded: I would kill him, because I know that he did it to other kids too. For these reasons, I believe Mi chael would benefit from exploring his repressed anger, reattributing it to the perpetrator and advancing personal growth and power. Psychoanalytic Model of Depression Since the beginning of psychoanalytic theorizing, many theorists believed that anger plays a big role in depression (Busch, 2009). I will mention a few of the important theories. The first to contemplate depression as self-directed anger was Karl Abraham (1911). He noticed that depressed patients had a predisposition towards hatred based on their temperament or early life experience. He believed that this excessive anger triggers guilt and anxiety, becomes repressed and projected onto others. As a result, the patient believes that people hate them and they are inferior, which in turn lowers their self-esteem and leads to depression. Subsequently, in 1924, Abraham added to this theory that individuals with depression endure anger and low self-esteem as a result of a traumatic rejection either in childhood or later in life (Busch, 2009). In Freuds (1917) perspective, depression comes from a fantasized or real loss of a person for whom the patient has ambivalent feelings. The patient in ternalizes an aspect of that person in order to deal with the loss. As a result, the anger directed at that person now becomes directed at the self, identified with that individual. This leads to self-criticism and depression (Busch, 2009). More recently, Dr. Frederick Busch, a Professor at Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research (Busch et al, 2016) together with Dr. Mary Rudden (Rudden et al, 2003) developed their own psychodynamic model of depression based on theory, research and their clinical experience. They posit that individuals who are prone to depression are very sensitive to rejection or loss; called Narcissistic Vulnerability. This sensitivity develops early in life when a child experiences rejection, disappointment and powerlessness by parents or caregivers, which they perceive as proof of inferiority, unlovability and damage. This sensitivity becomes an integral part of their personality and identity as they grow up, shaping their psychological functioning. All failures, rejections or losses in life are viewed as additional proof of inferiority and damage. Besides feelings of unlovability and inferiority in childhood, rejection and disappointment trigger angry feelings at the per petrator of these painful experiences. In turn, this anger triggers guilt and activates defense mechanisms intended to shield the needed adult. That is how the anger becomes self-directed, further lowering self-esteem. This completes a full circle of Narcissistic Vulnerability and anger. The second layer to this theory is another vicious cycle, in which low self-esteem causes a person to compensate for their perceived defects by idealization of the self and others. We idealize our parents and find excuses for their shortcomings. However, these idealized expectations always lead to disappointments and devaluation of the self which further lowers self-esteem. Defense Mechanisms in Depression Depressed individuals attempt to manage anger unconsciously and protect the people they care about from angry feelings and fantasies by employing defense mechanisms. However, these defense mechanisms backfire and often exacerbate depression. Defense mechanisms associated with depression are: denial, passive aggression, displacement, reaction formation, projection and identification (Bloch, 1993). Denial keeps anger and hostility out of consciousness. This intensifies depression because anger becomes directed towards the self and is not used effectively to solve relationship problems. In projection, anger directed at others is denied and reversed as if the anger is being expressed by others directed towards the self. This leads to increased rejection and further lowering in self-esteem. In passive aggression, anger is expressed indirectly by avoiding doing what is expected by others. This causes others to become angry at the individual and worsens relationship problems. In reaction formation, anger is denied and replaced by over-compliance and attempts to help others. However, intrapsychic and interpersonal problems underlying the anger remain unaddressed and this fuels the rage even more. In identification, the person identifies and takes on the image of their abuser or aggressor who has made them feel disempowered. This is why some kids who were abused grow up to be abusers. It gives them feelings of power and being in control but it also makes them feel guilty. Sometimes anger can also be externalized through displacement, usually at subordinates like children. Its easy to yell at children or physically punish them but they become hostile to the parent (Bush, 2016). Adding to all of this is dissociation. Dissociation is a defense mechanism employed by victims of trauma and sexual abuse, to protect them from the psychological effects of trauma. It unconsciously changes the cognitive framework of a persons reality (Braun, 1998).

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Society and...

Society and Family in A Raisin in the Sun We can learn a great deal by observing a given moment in history. The politics, fashion, and religion of a given society reveal the inner workings of the individuals that combine to make the society functional. While every society is different and unique, there are universal themes that apply to every society; the need to eat and sleep as well as the concept of family exist in all societies. In Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun, we are witness to the common drama that occurs within a family set in a specific historical period. Much of the political action that occurred during the time described within this play is specific to the era which it portrays. In†¦show more content†¦Dorothy Dandridge, who only three years later became the black Goddess of Hollywood through her role in Carmen Jones, was still struggling to overcome racial stereotypes (A E ). The Korean war was in its second year, 70% of all American troops were in active duty, (Archer) and the armed forces still had segregated troops (Carlisle). In all, it was a turbulent time, and it put in motion ideas and beliefs that sparked the civil rights movement of the sixties. In the first act of the play, the characters display a wide variety of emotional tensions. We can see from the dialogue between Ruth and her husband Walter that their relationship has undergone a period of stressful transformation. Even in the opening narration, the author describes Ruths face as showing ...disappointment...that life has been little that she expected...(Hansberry 1382). The entire family lives together in a two bedroom apartment, the furniture described as well worn, and the common living area, which houses the kitchen as well, is wear(y)...[with]all pretenses but living itself having long since vanished from the very atmosphere of this room(Hansberry 1382). The picture we see of the living arrangements and conditions of this family give us a hint not only of their economic standing, but of their emotional states asShow MoreRelatedA Raisin Review673 Words   |  3 PagesA Raisin Review Kenneth Hawthorne English/125 3/15/2016 University of Phoenix A Raisin Review â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or faster like a sore and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode†. (Langston Hughes, Harlem) The author Lorraine Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. Lorraine Hansberrys writing style is autobiographicalRead MoreSummary Of Lorraine Hansberry 1486 Words   |  6 PagesLorraine Hansberry, born May 19, 1930, made a very prominent contribution to society in her short lived life. She was born to a middle class family as the youngest of four children. Her father was a successful real estate broker who also founded one of the first Negro banks in Chicago (Adams 247). Lorraine’s mother was a schoolteacher named Nannie Perry who later became a ward committeewoman. In 1938, Lorraine’s father took a stand against the real estate covenants in Chicago due to the fact thatRead MoreThe Great Playwright s Life Story2415 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the relatively short life of Lorraine Hansberry tragically ended, the African-American playwright distinguished herself in American theatre and literature as she creatively and unknowingly challenged the views of African-American life, among other inescapable issues of the nation and the world, on the theatrical stage. The great playwright’s life story began on May 19, 1930. Although born during a time of hardship introduced by the Great Depression, Hansberry grew up rather comfortably inRead MoreRacial Identity in A Raisin in the Sun: Who Am I?1102 Words   |  5 Pagesproviding a perverted rational for justifying segregation (Pilgrim â€Å"Mammy†; â€Å"Tom†). So when Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959), confronted the issue of segregation through th e lens of an African American family living in Chicago’s Southside, the Caucasian audience’s widespread acceptance of a family who was â€Å"just like any other† (Nemiroff 9) appears ironic. Contrary to public perception, Raisin sought to convey â€Å"the essence of black people’s striving and the will to defeat segregationRead More Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreEssa y on Who Am I?: Racial Identity in A Raisin in the Sun1596 Words   |  7 Pagesa perverted rationale for justifying segregation (Pilgrim â€Å"Mammy†; â€Å"Tom†). So when Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959), confronted the issue of segregation through the lens of an African American family living in Chicago’s Southside, Caucasian audiences’ widespread acceptance of the Youngers, a family who was â€Å"just like any other,† appears ironic (Nemiroff 9). Contrary to public perception, Raisin sought to convey â€Å"the essence of black people’s striving and the will to defeat segregationRead MoreAnalysis Of A Raisin In The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry1158 Words   |  5 Pages Welcome to Windham High School’s very own theater production of the incredible play A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry. To further understand the play please read the text below about the background of Hansberry’s life, living conditions in the era that the play took place, and reviews written about the play. Lorraine Hansberry was a playwright and a writer. She was born in Chicago May 19, 1930 in Chicago, and she grew up in the Woodlawn neighborhood in the South side of ChicagoRead MoreRacial Segregation, By Lorraine Hansberry1248 Words   |  5 Pagesmake the dreams seem worthwhile,† once stated by Lorraine Hansberry. Racial segregation has been a huge topic in our society. Believe it or not, just a few decades ago African American people did not have the basic equality rights that white citizens were given. Something as simple as having a dream to become an author seemed out of reach; even impossible some might have said. Living in this kind of a world was unfortunately a reality for Lorraine Hansberry. Growing up she lived in a world of racialRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s Life As A Whole1461 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I was born black and female.† These two words black and female identified Lorraine Hansberry’s life as a whole. Hansberry was born on May 19, 1930 in Chicago. She was the third youngest out of seven siblings. Her parents contributed a large amount of money to NAACP and the Urban League, because of this Hansberry was never comfortable with her rich girl status, so instead she identified herself as â€Å"poor†. She was admired by the children who were so often independent and matured which she imitatedRead More Fighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and The Cosby Show1410 Words   |  6 PagesFighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and The Cosby Show The critical reception of The Cosby Show, an enormously popular television sitcom in the 1980s, roughly paralleled that of A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberrys highly acclaimed play of the 1950s. Both the television series and the play helped change the way Blacks are portrayed in the entertainment media. But despite being initially greeted with critical praise, both subsequently fell under heavy

Why Case Studies Free Essays

A case study is a snapshot from a moment in time when businesses are facing key decisions PURPOSE: Case studies are meant to expose students to business scenarios and problems as well as help students develop the methodology to solve those problems How to Approach a Case Study? Read the prompt/given questions Read the case. Take preliminary notes What is the core problem? Write it out in 1-2 sentences Read through the case again. Find 3 alternatives and jot down pros/cons Solution impacts Things to Think: Long term vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Case Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Short term Risk vs.. Reward Processes/procedures Target Consumer Financial Viability Brand Image Fixed vs.. Variable Costs Profit vs.. Revenue Format of the Case Report Paragraph 1: Intro/Problem Paragraph 2*: Alternative 1 with pros/cons Paragraph Alternative 2 with pros/cons Paragraph Alternative 3 with pros/cons Paragraph 5: Recommendation and why that solution is the best course of action * Can be combined together to save space * 3 Alternatives are recommended but not required 12 apt. Times New Roman, 1†³ Margins Formal Paper (no â€Å"I†, etc. ) Should be an â€Å"Executive Summary/’ (I. E. How to cite Why Case Studies, Papers

Democracy Conceptual Political Ideology †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How To Democracy Is a Conceptual Political Ideology? Answer: Introducation Liberal democracy is a conceptual political ideology that combines notions both from democracy and liberalism. Much is debated on the subject of these two ideologies, but to understand the concepts, they must be first properly defined. There were various debates regarding the same but in order to understand the concept properly we need to define them in a proper manner. History has demonstrated that there were various forms of leadership in the country ranging from absolutism to democracy. In case of absolutism the country is run by one man who has the supreme power over the whole country, empire or kingdom whereas democracy gives power to the people. ( Daelington, 2017)Apart from that the political scientist have explained freedom as the most meaning word in a society which is organized. This also further states that each and every person has a birth right to be free and it is often induced by the legislative system. There were various parties which dominated the political scenario of Australia in past but in today's date the politics of Australia is classified under two party system. The Australian democratic system is liberal in nature and in the present date it has become more stable(UK Essays, 2017) In one hun dred years of Australian Government, Australia's report card in terms of parliamentary democracy is a mixed one. There is no doubt that, by and large, representative parliamentary democracy in Australia is strong and healthy. The franchise has been expanded across the century to include women, Indigenous peoples and people between 18 and 21 years of age. Today the Australian Parliament reflects itself through the public much more as it leads to growth of minor parties and independents; those who can beat and challenge the agendas of major parties with the inclusion of more women in the parliamentary system and also in the leadership positions. This scenario also indicates that the parliament is diversifying from its older concept although growth in this area remains very slow. Currently the parliamentarians are becoming more literate and improving their quality too .Majorities and executives are the ones who are dominating the parliament although the disciplines of the parties were made in past years as a part of Australian parliamentary democracy. They hold such a power that the government been elected choose their power from the majority for free .The weakness basically surrounds the accountability of the executives in the parliament and also around the shortcomings of main parties. On the verge of 20th century the parliament of Au stralia improved its position to hold the whole Executive and individual minister too with their accountability. The power remained with Senate itself. Although both the houses committee system improved to a great extent and the overall data and expertise was available with the parliament .Therefore it can challenge the executives in all the scenarios. Majority parties are very much disciplined but at the same time Executives keep dominating the parliamentary system since the beginning of parliament of democratic Australia. But with time they were rectified to a huge extent. The Australian parliament is although weaker as compared to executives and majorities but it is not irrelevant at any case (Australian Politics .Com ,2010) The following essay is an introduction to contemporary Australian politics describing the features which demonstrate it as unique nation. Australia apart from handling the institutional arrangements such as the executive, the parliament, the bureaucracy, federalism, policy making and the high court also takes care of activities of public in various social movements. The essay states the domination of executives in the parliament at all respects. In further paragraphs the essay will deal with the critical and key foundation concepts in the political science discipline. It will also show a detailed and clear understanding of Australian democracy. The executives are usually considered the arm of Australian government and they are also responsible theoretically to induce the laws which are passed by the parliament. Due to these factors immense power remains in the hand of executives in all scenarios as the judicial control is in their hand. The Prime Minister leads the executive government further it works for the service of the public in managing government apparatus..But at the same time we need to know that executives cannot implement laws which are easily passed by the parliament. Since the executive is derived from the parliament itself and it dominates due to discipline of the party. So in simple words the executives have the power to determine a policy but in most cases parliament debates. This system often demonstrates domination of executives which is considered completely outdated in the modern times. It is basically a result of 1000 yrs of absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. Another instance of domination i s often demonstrated when practice meetings of executive councils take place with few ministers and Governor-General; these decisions are often rubber stamped in most cases (Thompson ,2000) This kind of policy directly affects the Australian Constitution. According to Ward (2010) A constitution can be considered as being a "social contract that sets out the agreed procedural rules that apply to the political system". The constitution of Australia was drafted by colonial politicians during 1890s further in 1900 it was legislated by British parliament. Basically it is denoted as a superior act on which parliamentary and federal systems of government are based. The constitution of Australia is integrated part of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. The Act has 9 sections among which sections ranging between 1-8 contain legal rules and regulations of the establishment of the Commonwealth. The last one i.e. the 9th one derives Australian constitution which in total has eight chapters and 128 sections. (Xu Xu 2011) The Constitution of Australia is in written format. The elements of government in Australia are usually charged from the legal courts but the conviction i.e. the unwritten part is not as they are usually decided through the public opinion. The Australian constitution provisions statutes are usually entrenched which further means that they cannot be changed by ordinary law making process. Thus in Australia it is very much possible to amend the constitution but at the same time it requires a referendum. A general election in Australia can be called any time hence a particular election is usually called after a fixed term. But at times it can be conducted within short term. Therefore these practices let Parliament responsible to electorate a body. Thus we can say that democracy and liberalism is root of Australian constitution ( Museum Of Australian Democracy ,2017)One can witness consistent increase in size of the executive government in terms of proportions as well as numbers also in federal and state level. These traditions have become very much common and stable at the level of Commonwealth and they are continuing the same over almost all the states and territories. Thus it is the need of an hour to monitor the size and growth of executive government in order to maintain the independence of parliament across the country. References: UK Essays, 2016 .,The Australian Political System Politics Essay. [Online] Available at : https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/the-australian-political-system-politics-essay.php [Accessed 2 April 2017] Museum Of Australian Democracy, 2011., Australian democracy: an overview. [Online]Available at:https://moadoph.gov.au/democracy/australian-democracy/ [Assessed April 2 2017] Daelington, R , 'A short guide to Australian Political system,. [Online]Availbale at: https://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Australianpoliticalsystem.html [Assessed April 2 2017] Thompson. R ,2000, Australian Parliamentary Democracy After a Century: What Gains, What Losses? . [Online] Available at : https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9900/2000RP23 [Assessed April 2 2017] Australian Politics .Com ,2010 ., Executive Government:[Online]Available at: https://australianpolitics.com/democracy/key-terms/executive-govt [Assessed April 2 2017] Xu, L. Xu, Y. 2011, 'The comparative analysis of supply chain management in domestic and foreign supermarket chains', Computer Science and Service System (CSSS), 2011 International Conference on, IEEE